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  • Christmas Traditions



    Christmas or Christmas Day is a holyday that celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ. The actual date of Christ s birth is not known and even the New Testament does not give a specific date. Back in 350 A.D., Pope Julius I declared December 25 as the official date for celebrating Christmas. This might have something to do with the pagan celebrations in the winter solstice, wherein December 25 was celebrated as the date of the birth of the Unconquerable Sun .

    The name Christmas derives from the Old English word Cristes M sse meaning the mass of Christ .

    Christmas Traditions

    Christians all over the world celebrate Christmas for the length of the Christmas season which starts on the Christmas Eve when Jesus was born and ends on January 6 – the day the Three Wise Men visited him with gifts.

    Initially, however, the declaration of the birth-date of Jesus Christ did not call for feasting or celebration. The early converts wanted it to be a solemn religious occasion in opposition to the pagan concept of merry-making and revelry. The earliest reference of Christmas traditions occurs in the Calendar of Filocalus – a manuscript compiled in Rome in 354.

    Present day Christmas traditions involve family get-togethers, exchange of gifts and cards, good food and a lot of hilarity. Christmas carols, Christmas tree and Santa Claus are central to Christmas celebrations.

    Ceremony

    Ceremony, so to say, is rather simple on the Christmas Day. Religious services are held in Churches until late in the midnight with followers of the faith singing carols. Re-enactment of the Nativity scenes may sometimes be a part of the ceremony.

    Decorations

    Being a colorful festivity, it also includes tasteful decorations with bright hues like red, blue, green, white, silver and gold playing prominent part in it. Lights, both electric lights and candles, have always been a part of Christmas traditions.

    Christmas trees are decorated with candies and cookies, lights and small trinkets; gift-boxes are tied to the Christmas tree. Other decorations include on this holyday display of Nativity scenes following tradition. Houses are also decorated with floral wreaths.

    Interesting Christmas Traditions Anecdotes

    In the year 1841, Prince Albert, the German husband of the British Monarch Victoria, brought the first Christmas tree in England.

    America had its first Christmas tree a year later in 1842, with the professor of Greek at the College of William and Mary, Dr. Charles Frederick Minnegerode, introducing the Christmas tree in Williamsburg, Virginia, America.

    The invention of electricity and the use of electrical lights to decorate Christmas trees popularized the Christmas tree.

  • Christmas Trees



    Think of Christmas and the first thing that comes to mind are evergreen Christmas trees. For who can think of celebrating Christmas without the traditionally decorated tree?

    The history of the Christmas tree tradition is often traced to the Christianization of the prehistoric pagan belief that the evergreen tree signifies a commemoration of the rejuvenation of life. Medieval myths however spoke about the marvelous “flowering” of trees during Christmas. Then again, the Germanic tribes considered Patron trees as sacred. The tree is also often associated with the concept trinity signified by its triangular shape.

    Among more modern traditions, Ingeborg Weber-Keller (Marburg professor of European ethnology) found the earliest reference of a decorated fir tree for the occasion of Xmas in a Bremen guild chronicle of 16th century Germany.

    If you follow the tradition of Christmas trees, then you cannot bring in and decorate the trees until Christmas Eve (24 December) and cannot remove them either before the day after twelfth night (i.e., January 6th). If you do this, you bring bad luck.

    However, consumerism has put this custom in the backseat. In the US, it is a popular norm to put up the decorated tree right after Thanksgiving (the fourth Thursday in November) and to remove it after the New Year.

    Again, some others prefer not to have the tree at home until the second week of December and have it around until 6 January. German Catholics again follow a custom wherein they remove the Christmas trees as late as 2 February.

    Though only natural trees were used in olden times now artificial trees are also quite popular. However, since some fake trees are made out of PVC, a toxic material that is often stabilized with lead, it is an issue of environmental concern. Polyethylene trees are the less toxic kinds, though more costly than the PVC type.

    Then again, artificial trees cannot be recycled and results in pollution. Real trees on the other hand can be recycled as a crop.

    Let us take a close look at some types of Christmas trees:

    Natural trees

    • Fir (Abies is the most popular kind, with the advantage of not shedding dry needles, bright foliage color and aroma. Silver Fir Abies alba (the original species), Nordmann Fir Abies nordmanniana, Noble Fir Abies procera, Grand Fir Abies grandis to name a few others.
    • Conifers too are sometimes used such as Giant Sequoia, Leyland Cypress and Eastern Juniper.
    • Then there is Blue spruce but has very sharp needles
    • Virginia Pine is still grown on some tree farms in the southeastern United States, but its wintertime color is too dull for decorations.
    • The long-needled Eastern White Pine is sometimes used.
    • Norfolk Island pine is popular in the Oceania region
    • In Australia, few species of the genera Casuarina and Allocasuarina are used as Christmas trees.

    Artificial trees

    Artificial trees embellished with lights and crafts, are popular for convenience and cost sake. The first modern artificial Christmas trees were made by companies, which made brushes. Some of the most popular among these Christmas trees are the indoor prelit trees, tabletop feather trees, metallic designer trees, outdoor-branched trees made of heavy white-enameled steel wires etc.


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  • Artificial Trees


    Artificial trees today finds place both in the contemporary and traditional home. In this fast paced world, the importance of artificial trees truly comes to life. It doesn t matter whether you are green fingered or not or whether you are struggling to keep your flora in good shape as long as you have artificial tress by your side. What s more, you are even freed from any kind of maintenance or watering for that matter. All it needs is a bit of dusting from time to time.

    Artificial trees can consume any part of your home including those extreme outdoor settings. You will find that artificial trees are fabricated with a UV coating. This in turn helps to guarantee the color of the trees once in direct sun light. Truth be told, asthma and allergy sufferers can be rest assured as artificial plants and trees are Pollen free.

    What makes artificial trees so very popular?

    • It takes quite a toll on you once you are to deal with real trees. Remember, it requires water, fertilizer or sunlight. But you can easily skip all of these if you take to artificial trees.
    • You will not be required to trim the artificial trees. This is because these plants stay the same length unlike the real trees.
    • Because the climate plays no part as regards the artificial trees, you can feel free to place them to whichever part of the house you wish.
    • And insects certainly won t nest on artificial trees.
    • Moreover, you can easily move your tree around or keep it stored away if you feel like.
    • And in appearance, artificial trees are pretty much like the real ones.

    Different kinds of artificial trees:

    Interior decorators today can t do much without artificial trees as a part of the d cor. The most popular designs in artificial trees are the pines, spruces, and evergreens fashioned in support of Christmas trees. Uncompressing lifelike looks and a good value are in the offering with artificial trees. The most loved artificial plants more often than not have silk leaves, foliage, or flowers. That s not the end of it, they also come by way of palm trees, bamboo trees, and not to mention flowering trees. And how about a lovely ficus tree or a fern?

    Artificial topiary trees ready from the finest materials can also be one of the best options out. All of theses come in a whole lot of variety and price ranges. Amongst the most popular ones you will find, Japanese Fruticosa, Laurel Bay tree, Olive Tree, Mini Dracenia and Peter Drinkell. The Japanese fruticosa standing as tall as 5 1/2 feet, weighing 7kg is indeed a Japanese gem. No wonder, it fits well and fine in temples and homes across the oceanic continents.

    Let artificial trees come to life in your own home.


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  • Artificial Christmas Trees



    Artificial Christmas trees are the best option in today s context. Advanced technologies have given revolutionary shape, form and texture to artificial Christmas trees. No wonder, they seem to be so very natural. You will be surprised to find that a present day Christmas tree comes with a variety of materials.

    A pre-lit Christmas tree is something that you would like to have in your house. History tells us that the first pre-lit Christmas trees actually appeared in the late 1970’s. What made these pre-lit Christmas trees so very popular was its base that rotated a color wheel and seemed as though light was dancing to it s glory along the branches of the tree.

    An artificial Christmas tree is a perfect example of handmade crafts. However, the modern pre lit Christmas trees; you will discover they are very much unlike the retro disco wheel type of lighting that you were previously accustomed to. You will find fiber optics to constitute today’s lighting. Besides that, traditional Christmas light bulbs attached to the branches are also available. The best thing about the light bulbs is that they are reasonably priced.

    White Christmas tree is certainly well known amongst Christmas trees. Fiber optic lighting and advance decorations with Christmas balls in multiple colors are a mere reflection of its splendor. And you cannot write off fire resistant tinsel trees for they are back with growing popularity. The pine scent of a fresh cut tree is also found in artificial Christmas trees. An artificial Christmas tree is a must have thing, so make sure that you place an order beforehand. Six weeks before the Christmas season is just about the right time to place the order. And getting it from a reputable company also makes sense.

    Artificial Christmas trees are never short of advantages. To begin with, these trees are so realistic that you can be foxed any day any time. You can literally count on artificial Christmas trees because they are flame resistant. This is mainly because they are made up of PVC-based material that can withstand exposure to flame. The longevity of artificial Christmas trees simply goes without saying. And you surely will not end up in total mess with artificial Christmas trees unlike the real ones. As for storage, it just can t get any easier with artificial Christmas trees.

    There is good news for people suffering from Christmas tree allergies. Artificial Christmas trees come to their rescue because there is no scent or any pollen distributed into the air whatsoever. And what s more, these trees suit fine to all of those who don t have the time to find a real Christmas tree to say it all.

    Celebrate Christmas the real way with Artificial Christmas trees.


  • Christmas Tree



    The Christmas tree is the most popular symbol of Christmas. It is normally an evergreen coniferous tree decorated with colorful lights and ornaments around Christmas time. Traditionally trees are brought to the house not earlier than Christmas Eve on 24th December and removed on 6th January i.e. day after 12th night.

    History

    The origins of the Christmas tree are traced to a Pagan custom where an evergreen tree symbolized renewal of life.

    The modern custom, although probably related, cannot be traced directly to Pagan traditions. They are traced earliest to 1570 in Germany. A Bremen guild chronicle reports a decorated tree for the guild member s children. The custom entered homes in the 17th century. By the 18th century the custom was common in towns of upper Rhineland but not in the rural areas. Wax candles were now being used. However, it remained a Protestant custom. In the early 19th century it spread to Catholics of lower Rhine and then to Russia and Austria. In France the first Christmas was introduced in 1840.

    Types of trees

    Natural as well as artificial trees are used for Christmas.

    Natural trees

    The Abies species of fir are the best because they have a good scent and foliage and their needles do not shed when dry. The less traditional conifers used are Giant Sequoia, Leyland Cypress and Eastern Juniper.

    Some trees are bought live with roots and soil, planted outside the house and used for several years. However the root loss due to digging and warmer and more humid indoor conditions shorten the life of the trees. Indoors they become dormant and unable to cope with the outdoor mid-winter weather. They should be kept indoors for few days to prevent such damage.

    Naturally grown and unsheared trees are preferred in Europe while in U.S. close-sheared trees with denser foliage, but less space for decoration, is preferred. Shearing also spoils the attractive natural symmetry of the trees. Christmas trees, once harvested from the wild are now almost entirely commercially grown on farms in U.S.

    Artificial trees

    Artificial trees are becoming popular now because they are cheaper and more convenient. These come in many colors and sometimes pre-decorated. The trees can be dis-assembled and stored. They are a necessity in apartment homes where dry natural wood pose a fire hazard.

    Brush manufacturers using animal bristles made the first modern artificial trees and then moved towards plastic bristles and dyed pine green to make the needles. These were inserted between twisted iron wires to make branches. Later PVC was used. Artificial trees are becoming more realistic every year.

    Decorating a Christmas tree

    It s not very difficult. The tree should be rounded and have enough space for decoration but not to be seen through.

    The lights should well cover the tree. If you want to use ornaments then have less lights and more sparkle. To give depths to the tree have some lights inside the tree hidden by the branches.

    Next drop generous swags of garland between the branches allowing them to fall freely and gracefully.

    A wide variety of ornaments depicting specific themes are available. Choose your theme to fit with the overall color scheme.

    The topper, whatever it is, should be big enough to be seen.


  • History of Kwanzaa


    The unique festival of Kwanzaa is an African-American celebration laying its focus on the traditional African values of self-improvement, community responsibility, family and commerce. The history of Kwanzaa is a Pan-African festival, which is celebrated from December 26 to January 1. The festival is neither religious nor political.

    The term Kwanzaa implies the first fruits of the harvest, in the Swahili phrase (an African language). Founded in 1966, Kwanzaa is now celebrated all over the world by more than 18 million people.

    Based on the Nguzo Saba or the seven guiding principles for the seven-day celebration, Kwanzaa consists of activities like gift-giving, feasting, lighting of candles and the pouring of libations.

    The History Of Kwanzaa

    The history of Kwanzaa brings us to Ron Karenga, who created Kwanzaa in 1966 when he was in California. At that time, he was the leader of the US Organization or the Black Nationalist United Slaves Organization. His mission was to provide the African Americans a holiday, which will be alternative to Christmas. It gave the Blacks a chance to celebrate.

    Formerly Karenga had stated that, Christianity being a religion for the whites, should be spurned by the blacks. Later, he shifted from this view, as he did not want to alienate Christians from joining the celebration.

    Nine years after the creation of Kwanzaa, Karenga went on to become a Marxist.

    Spelling of Kwanzaa

    The history of Kwanzaa tells us that an additional “a” was added to “Kwanza”, as then it would have seven letters. There were seven children in the United Slaves Organization, and each symbolized one of the letters in Kwanzaa. The seven letters also reflect the “Seven Principles of Blackness”.

    Another theory reveals that an additional “a” was provided to the term in order to distinguish the Afro-American from the African.

    Observance of Kwanzaa

    The Kwanzaa families adorn their houses with art objects and fresh fruits denoting the African idealism. Children give respect to their ancestors. The celebration includes libations, musical selections and drummings. A reading from the African Pledge and a discussion of the African principle for the day follows. Ultimately, there is a candle lighting custom and a feast amidst artistic performances.

    Seven Principles of Kwanzaa

    The seven principles of the celebration consists Kawaida, which is a Swahili word implying reason and tradition. The principles are:

    • Umoja (Unity) in the family, nation, race and community.
    • Imani (Faith) in their people, parents, leaders, teachers and the victory in their struggle.
    • Ujima (Collective work and responsibility) for the developing of their community and to cater to the problems of their brothers and sisters, as they would tend to their own problems.
    • Nia (Purpose) to develop their community and restore the traditional richness to their people.
    • Ujamaa (Cooperative economics) for the maintenance of their stores, businesses and shops in order to make good profit.
    • Kujichagulia (Self-determination) to name themselves and also to create and speak for themselves.
    • Kuumba (Creativity) to do whatever possible to make the community more beneficial and beautiful.

    The history of Kwanzaa has its source in the civil rights era of the 1960s. The festival is keenly observed in the United States of America.

  • Yule


    The Yule is celebrated as a winter festival. Though it originated in Northern Europe, it has been celebrated during the pre-Christian times by Scandinavian, Anglo-Saxon and Germanic pagans. The date was determined by a lunar calendar and the day for celebration shifted from late December to early January.

    Yule is a great day for celebration among the modern wiccans. They observe the day on a Winter Solstice, ie. December 21 or 22. The Winter Solstice is the celebration of the Sun s rebirth to the Earth.

    The similarities with Christmas

    After the advancement of Christianity, and with the adoption of the Julian calendar, the Yule was celebrated on December 25, coinciding with the Christmas Day. The terms Yule and Christmas are often used interchangeably to denote the other. Many countries like, Norway and Denmark refer to Christmas as jul . In Finland, Christmas is called joulu .

    The Christmas tree as we know it was actually a Pagan celebration of making a Yule tree. The Yule tree was adorned with lighted candles to resemble the light of the Sun.

    Yule is a time for celebration as it depicts the rebirth of the light of God shining in our lives once again. The Yule is the festival which predates the conversion to Christianity. The festival continued through the Middle Ages, but were only frowned upon when the Reformation came into being.

    The usual custom of slaughtering a boar in the Yule festivities is still reflected in the modern tradition of the Boar s Head Carol in Christmas. The symbols of the burning of the Yule log, hanging of holly and mistletoe, the eating of ham, the adorning of the Christmas tree are all common between Christmas and the Yule.

    The Wiccan Celebration

    In Wicca, Yule is a holiday which is one of the eight solar holidays. Some Wiccan sects identify this day with the death of a Holly King resembling the wren bird.

    The Neopagan Celebration

    For the Germanic Neopagan sects, Yule celebration often consists of gift giving and meals within gatherings. Some Neopagans observe the tradition whereas other Neopagans commemorate the day with rituals selected from vivid unrelated sources.

    So, the Yule is a festival that has remarkable similarity to Christmas and is celebrated by the modern Wiccans and other Neopagans.

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  • Kwanzaa


    An African American Celebration

    Beginning
    on December 26 and lasting for 7 days, Kwanzaa is an African American
    holiday. It reinforces community, family and good social values through
    seven principles.

    Kwanzaa is a relatively new holiday in
    terms of most celebrations held at this time of year, but it is celebrated by
    millions and is a fast growing holiday. It first started in 1966, when Dr.
    Maulana Karenga thought up the idea. He was concerned at the loss of identity of
    The African American people, and wanted a celebration of their cultural heritage
    and roots. It is far more than just a celebration, though. It is a way of
    bringing the community together, teaching younger members to be proud of whom
    they are and reaffirm the commitment to family and community.

    It begins on December 26 and lasts for seven days, ending on January 1. For
    each day there is a different principle, or theme, to think about and discuss.
    The ideas and origin of the Kwanzaa celebrations come from an ancient African
    tradition of celebrating the first fruits. The word Kawanza comes from Swahili,
    a widely spoken African language. The names of the seven principles and the
    Kwanzaa greetings are all in Swahili. This is because it does not reflect one
    particular African nation or group, and so can be used by all.

    The Seven Principles

    Each day a different principle is celebrated and thought about.

    • Ujimah (oo-MO-jah) or unity. It is to remind people to come
      together as a family, community, nation and race.
    • Kujichagulia (koo-jee-chah-GOO-lee-ah)
      or self-determination. To have a separate identity, and to let others know
      about it.
    • Ujima (oo-JEE-mah) or
      cooperation and working together. Helping to build a community and solve
      problems together.
    • Ujamaa (oo-JAH-mah) or
      supporting one another. To build businesses and places of work especially to
      support others in the community
    • Nia (NEE-yah) or purpose.
      To rebuild the community ties and maintain them.
    • Kuumba (koo-OOM-bah) or
      creativity. To improve the community and make it a better and more beautiful
      place.
    • Imani (ee-MAH-nee) or faith
      in the leaders and the community.

    The pronunciation is in brackets, with emphasis being placed
    on the sound in capital letters. You will learn about why the words have
    different colors, as you read on.

    The Symbols

    This holiday has many symbols. There is a candleholder that holds seven
    candles. The center candle is black, to symbolize the face of the African
    people. On the left of the black candle are three red candles, and on the right
    are three green ones. The red symbolizes the blood of the African people and the
    green is for the land and the hope of new life.

    The candleholder (kinara) should be placed on a table. First, the table
    should be covered with a piece of African cloth, preferably with the black, red
    and green colors. Then a straw mat (mkeka) is placed on the table. The
    candleholder is then placed on the mat. For every child an ear of corn (muhindi)
    is also placed on the mat. Even if there are no children in the family, there
    should be two ears of corn. This is because in African culture every adult is
    meant to be a social parent to all the children in the community. There is also
    a cup known as the cup of unity (kikombe cha umoja).

    The Celebration

    Each day the family gathers to discuss the principle of the day. They can
    gather in their home, or several families may gather together in one home, or a
    large meeting hall. Traditionally the youngest person lights the candle. On the
    first day the black candle is lit, and the first principle is discussed (umoja).
    Everyone can talk about what it means to them, how they try to practice it, and
    how other people practice it and how it helps the entire community. Then there
    can be a discussion on how they can continue to practice it throughout the year,
    and activities based on the principle of the day. After the discussion is
    complete, the candle is put out. On the next day the black candle is lit again,
    and then a candle for the next principle, Kujichagulia. If you look back at the
    list of principles, you will see this one is written n red, so a red candle is
    lit. The next day the black candle, the red one and a green one are lit, and so
    on, until on the seventh day all seven candles are lit.

    There is a feast, usually held on December 31. It is called the Karumu. At
    the feast there is dancing, story telling a talk about Kwanzaa and plenty of
    fun. At the feast everyone drinks from the Cup of Unity. Gifts may also be
    exchanged. Although gifts are not necessary to the celebration, they are often
    given, mainly to children. They should include a book and heritage symbol. The
    most treasured gifts are the homemade crafts. The food that is eaten at the
    feast should be authentic African recipes, no hot dogs and hamburgers!




    Although Kwanzaa is only celebrated for seven days, its principles are
    carried on throughout the year. The seven days are to remind everyone of how
    they should live their lives throughout the coming year.

     

  • Origami: The Japanese Art of Paper Folding


    Although Origami is known to be a Japanese Art or sometimes Craft, it actually started out in China. The Chinese invented paper, and when the invention spread to Japan, so did the art of paper folding. Most Japanese practice origami, but it started out as an art form for religious ceremonies. Find out more about the history of origami, and try your hand at a simple model.

    Origami simply means to fold paper. Ori means to fold and kami means paper. The art of paper folding reached Japan sometime in the seventh century. At first it was used in religious ceremonies, where pieces of paper were folded in a particular way to have a particular meaning. It was also used for wrapping gifts.
    Paper was scarce and expensive so that only the rich could afford to use it. Slowly the process for making paper became quicker and cheaper, and everyone had access to it. Once everyone had access the art of origami really took hold.

    Origami wasn’t always called that. That was the name given to it in the nineteenth century. Before that it was known by many different names, depending on what it was being used for. No one has ever come up with a definition of origami that everyone can agree on. Some people say it is an art, some a craft, some say you can cut the paper or use more than one piece, others say it must be only one piece of paper and folded without cutting. It is very confusing, but most people seem to think of it as usually being the folding of a single sheet of paper to form an object. The object can either be decorative, as in the form of a bird, or useful, as in a vase or box.

    At first no directions were ever written down for the models. They were taught to each new generation and passed on by learning and practicing. The first known book on how to make an origami object was written in 1797 and is called How to Fold 1000 Cranes. There is a tradition in Japan that says anyone who folds 1000 paper cranes has his wishes granted. Many children start folding cranes in Kindergarten, and complete 1000 sometime later.

    Today there are hundreds of books and Internet sites offering instructions on origami. Some of them are very complex models, and it takes a long time to learn how to make them. Because the models are so complex, a special system of symbols has been invented for showing the different folds. There is also special paper for making origami models. It is sold in square sheets, usually colored on one side and white on the other. To start with, though, you can use any square sheet of paper.

    Now, if origami is defined as the art or craft of folding paper to make an object, then water bombs are a type of origami. When I was a child water bombs were definitely my favorite things to make from paper. Now I’m a Mom I don’t like them quite as much, but I’ll show you how anyway!



    Caution: Throwing water bombs in the house or school may get you grounded for a very long time. It is definitely a good idea to throw these outside.
    Also remember that if you live in a high rise, dropping these out of the window from any height can cause serious injury to anyone they land on. They are best used to throw at older brothers and sisters, in your back yard.

    You will need a square sheet of paper, and some patience. It is easier to follow the instructions if you color one side of the paper first.

    Stage 1: Creasing Your Paper

      • First fold the paper, plain sides together diagonally.
      • Unfold and refold the other way, so that when you flatten out the paper you have two creases in an X shape.
      • Next, fold the paper colored sides together, across the middle. Then unfold again.
      • Now your paper should look like this:

    Stage 2: Making a Triangle

      • Lay the paper flat, plain side down, with the down fold running across the middle from side to side.
      • Place a finger under the middle of the paper and push upwards.
      • You should see a pyramid shape start to form.
      • Pull up on the point of the pyramid, push the sides inwards and the front and back together.
      • Now you should have something that looks like this:

    Stage 3: Making a Square

      • Turn your triangle so that you have the top point facing away from you.
      • Take the bottom right hand corner (top layer only) and fold it up to the point.
      • Repeat with the left side.
      • Now you should still have a triangle on the bottom layer, and a square on the top.
      • Turn the paper over and repeat with the second triangle.
      • Now it should look like this:

    Stage 4: Fixing the Corners

      • Take the right hand point and fold it to the center (top layer only)
      • Repeat with the left point
      • Turn your square over and repeat

    .

      • You should now have three layers of paper at the top of your square

    .

      • The points that you folded in should have a little pocket in them, at the top

    .

      • Take the right hand top layer and fold it down so that it meets the folded in point on the right, at the center of your shape

    .

      • Now it should look like this:

      • Next, take the right hand piece you have just folded (looks like a small triangle), and fold it again, along the base (see diagram).

      • Unfold it and then tuck it into the pocket that was formed in stage three.
      • Repeat this for each of the remaining three points.

    Stage 5: Opening out your “Bomb”

      • Take the top point and fold it down to the center, crease hard.
      • Do the same for the bottom point
      • Unfold both points, turn your model over and repeat, creasing them the other way, and unfolding them again.
      • At the bottom point you should see a small hole.
      • Blow hard into the hole, and gently pull the sides of your model until you have a cube.

    Now you can pour water into the cube and throw it. Don’t wait too long to throw it, or the paper will become too wet, and the cube will tear.

    If you want to learn more about origami and try your hand at some other models, visit these sites:

    How to make an Origami Crane
    Origami Pyramid Container
    The History of Origami
    Origami Files and Diagrams

  • When is a Pancake not a Pancake?

    All American children know that a pancake is thick, round and dry, and that you add a topping to it. British children will tell you it is thin, slightly oiled and tastes best rolled up with lemon juice and sugar in the middle. Egyptian children eat it as a snack, folded in half, stuff with nuts or cream, deep-fried and soaked in sugar syrup. So who is right? When is it a pancake and when is it something else completely?

    Actually they are all right. Even though they are all very different, depending where you
    come from they are pancakes. It isn’t really clear who made the first pancakes. There are pancakes made with potato, and even a pancake made with cabbage and carrot from Indonesia. Since they aren’t stuffed or topped with anything, and are always savory, we won’t count
    these as pancakes for this article. It isn’t really clear who made the first pancakes. The original pancakes were more like bread, using flour and water. Modern pancakes are more nutritious, usually containing eggs, milk instead of water, and sometimes a raising agent like baking powder. Let’s take a look at some of the different pancakes.

    The British Pancake 

    The British pancake is made much the same way as the American one, but doesn’t contain baking powder or yeast. It is made from a plain batter of eggs, flour and milk. For a sweet pancake you add a pinch of
    sugar, for a savory one, salt. After the pancake is cooked, and while it is still hot, you add the stuffing and roll it. The most popular sweet stuffing in England is lemon juice and sugar. Savory pancakes usually contain a stuffing made from ground beef.


    The American Pancake

    The American pancake is much thicker. It contains baking powder to make it rise. Because it is thicker it is difficult to roll, so it is served flat, stacked up with a topping. The favorite topping is maple syrup and whipped butter.

    The Egyptian Pancake 

    Like the American Pancake, the Egyptian Pancake contains a raising agent. It can be either baking powder or yeast. The pancake is fried on one side only, and then allowed to cool. After it has cooled a small amount of stuffing is placed in the middle. The pancake is folded over and the edges sealed with water. Then it is deep fried, and dipped in sugar syrup. It is extremely sweet and sticky and not very healthy!

    Pancake Traditions

    In England the Tuesday before Lent (Shrove Tuesday) is known as Pancake Day. On that day it is traditional to eat pancakes. The origin of this is that the Catholics, who observe Lent, wanted to use up all the rich foods in their pantry before Lent. In Lent eggs, sugar and butter were not allowed so they were used to make pancakes. Now everyone celebrates Pancake Day, regardless of religion, and there are pancake-tossing competitions. The competitions involve seeing who can toss the pancake highest and catch it again in the pan, or who can toss it the most times in a minute. There are also pancake races, involving running while tossing a pancake.

    In America pancakes are a common breakfast food. They are served in most restaurants for breakfast with an amazing variety of toppings.

    In Egypt pancakes are eaten all year round, but especially in Ramadan, the month of fasting. At sunset the fast is broken with a meal, and then sweets are served. One of the favorite sweets is the pancake.

    The Recipes

    You will need a mixing bowl and whisk, or a blender, a frying pan and some adult help.
    The basic batter for all three is the same.

      • 1 cup plain flour
      • 1 egg
      • 1 cup milk
      • 1 teaspoon of sugar
      • Pinch of salt
      • For the American and Egyptian versions you need to add 1-½ teaspoons of baking powder.

    Place the flour and egg and half the milk into the mixing bowl and mix until smooth. Add the rest of the milk until the batter pours easily off a spoon but is not too watery. Use more milk if you need. Add the
    sugar, and if you are using it the baking powder, and mix again. Let the batter stand for about 20 minutes and give it a final mix.

    For the cooking you will need adult help.
    Heat a frying pan coated in oil on the stove until very hot. Drop in a spoon full of batter and rock the pan to make it spread out. Fry until the batter changes color and bubbles appear on the top. The bubbles should burst open and the pancake look white.

    For the Egyptian pancakes fry only the first side. For the other pancakes turn them over and fry the second side, too. Then add your favorite topping and eat them while they are still hot.

    For the Egyptian pancakes you need to prepare a stuffing and the syrup.
    The simplest stuffing consists of chopped nuts (any kind) a little sugar and a little cinnamon (optional).
    For the syrup, put two cups of sugar and one cup of water into a pan and bring to the boil. Add a squeeze of lemon juice. Boil for exactly ten minutes and remove from the heat.

     

    Caution: Boiling syrup is very hot and can cause severe burns. An adult should do this. Never taste the syrup when it is hot, and if any of it gets on your skin hold the affected part under running cold water for at LEAST five minutes.

    After the pancakes have cooled, add a small amount of the stuffing to the center of the pancake (uncooked side).
    Fold the pancake in half and pinch the edges together, they stick better if you run a wet finger over them before folding.
    Strictly speaking the pancakes should then be deep fried until golden brown. For health reasons it is probably better to brush them lightly with oil or butter and bake them in a hot oven for 20-25 minutes.

    The last step is to soak them in the syrup. For the best results the pancakes should be hot and the syrup cold, or the pancakes cold and the syrup hot. If both are hot or cold, it doesn’t work as well. Soak them for about a minute, remove them from the syrup and allow them to drip off the excess syrup before eating. They are best eaten cold.

    So, get busy trying all the different types of pancake, and decide which is your favorite. Try different nuts for the Egyptian one (my favorite is walnuts) and different toppings for the others. Try tossing the English ones. Don’t toss too high or they stick to the ceiling! Most important have fun and be safe. Remember that kitchens can be dangerous and you should always have adult supervision.